1. INTRODUCTION . Automotive headlamps have steadily evolved to provide enhanced performance, improved security, and memorable aesthetics. These features have appeared in tandem with technical advances in lighting, especially the emergence of new light sources: halogen, high-intensity discharge, and LED [ 1 – 5 ]. Since the first LED headlamp was introduced in 2007 [ 4 ], LED technology has allowed the headlamps to become distinctive design elements, while enabling intelligent headlight...