Main . Realizations of quantum computing have built on rapid progress in controlling physical systems that can support quantum information; for example, superconducting circuits1 , 2, trapped ions3 , 4, neutral atoms5and light6 , 7. These technological breakthroughs have brought four platforms to the regime of quantum computational advantage1 , 2 , 8 , 9 , 10by solving specific sampling problems that would require unreasonable computing time ev...