Introduction . Gaining insights into the surface properties influencing water condensation and exploring strategies for controlling condensation on surfaces are crucial to wide-ranging fields, from fundamental research to industrial applications1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5. During the past century, surface condensation control strategies have predominantly focused on surface chemical and topographical engineering2 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 ,...