1. Introduction . In the fields of optics and photonics, we have experienced significant progress with notable advancements in past decades, for examples, optical communication, beam shaping, and light-field displays. These developments have revolutionized the way that we transmit, manipulate, and visualize light. One of the key components to drive these progresses is the diffractive optical elements (DOEs), which play a pivotal role in enabling and enhancing various applications within the...