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Ground state hyperfine structure in muonic lithium ions
Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
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ynenko and A A Ulybin 2015 J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. F García Daza, N G Kelkar and MTo cite this article: A P Mart 48 195003 Nowakowski
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Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 48 (2015) 195003 (16pp) doi:10.1088/0953-4075/48/19/195003
Ground state hyper?ne structure in muonic
lithium ions
A P Martynenko1,2 and A A Ulybin1
1 Samara State University, Pavlov Str. 1, 443011, Samara, Russia
2 Samara State Aerospace University named after S.P. Korolyov, Moskovskoye Shosse 34, 443086,
Samara, Russia
E-mail: a.p.martynenko@samsu.ru
Received 27 April 2015, revised 9 July 2015
Accepted for publication 16 July 2015
Published 18 August 2015
Abstract
On the basis of perturbation theory in the ?ne structure constant α and the mass ratio of the
electron and muon, we calculate the one-loop vacuum polarization, electron vertex corrections,
nuclear structure and recoil corrections of the hyper?ne splitting of the ground state in muonic
lithium ions (m e 63Li)+ and (m e 7 +3Li) . We obtain complete results for small hyper?ne splittings
of the ground state in (m e 6 +3Li) of Dn1 = 21572.16 MHz and Dn2 = 14152.56 MHz and in
(m e 73Li)+ Dn1 = 21733.06 MHz and Dn2 = 13994.35 MHz, which can be regarded as a
reliable estimates for comparison with future experimental data.
Keywords: hyper?ne structure, light muonic atoms, quantum electrodynamics
1. Introduction precise than the 2010 CODATA value which was derived
using different methods including hydrogen spectroscopy. It
Muonic lithium ions (m e 6Li)+3 and (m e 73Li)+ are the sim- differs from the CODATA value by 7s. Note that the Zemach
plest three-body atoms, consisting of one electron, a nega- radius of the proton rZ = 1.045(16) fm and magnetic radius
tively charged muon and a positively charged nucleus, 63Li or rM = 0.778(29) fm were previously obtained more accurately
7
3Li. The lifetime of muonic atoms is determined by the muon by comparing experimental data with the predictions for
lifetime tm = 2.19703(4) · 10-6 s. It is longer than the time hydrogen hyper?ne splitting [3]. Similar measurements are
for atomic processes, so the muon has the time to make a also being performed in the case of muonic deuterium and
number of transitions between energy levels which are ions of muonic helium, the results of which are intended for
accompanied by γ-radiation. These three-particle systems publication. Light muonic atoms are important for checking
have a complicated ground state hyper?ne structure which the standard model and bound state theory in quantum elec-
arises due to the interaction of the magnetic moments of the trodynamics, and in the search for exotic interactions of ele-
electron, muon and nucleus. Light muonic atoms are unique mentary particles. Thus, for example, muonic systems can be
laboratories for the precise determination of nuclear proper- used in the search for Lorentz and CPT symmetry viola-
ties such as the nuclear charge radius [1, 2]. In the last few tions [4].
years we have observed the essential progress achieved by the HFS of the ground state of the muonic helium atom
Charge Radius Experiment with Muonic Atoms (CREMA) (m e 32He) was measured many years ago with suf?ciently
collaboration in the study of the energy structure in muonic high accuracy by [5]. This is the only experiment to date on
hydrogen. The measurement of the Lamb shift (2P–2S) and muonic three-particle systems. In turn, the theoretical
hyper?ne splitting (HFS) of the 2S-state allows the more investigation of the energy spectrum of the muonic helium
precise determination of the value of the proton charge radius atom and other three-particle systems has achieved much
rp = 0.84087(39) fm, the Zemach radius rZ = 1.082(37) fm success under two approaches [6–13]. The ?rst approach
and the magnetic radius rM = 0.87(6) fm. The obtained value [6, 7, 11] is based on the perturbation theory (PT) for the
for the proton charge radius rp is an order of magnitude more Schr?dinger equation. In this case there is an analytical
0953-4075/15/195003+16$33.00 1 ? 2015 IOP Publishing Ltd Printed in the UK
J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 48 (2015) 195003 A P Martynenko and A A Ulybin
solution for the three-particle bound state wave function in They are ?rst presented in an analytical integral form and then
the initial approximation. Using this, a calculation of dif- calculated analytically or numerically.
ferent corrections to the HFS can be performed. Another The basic contribution to the hyper?ne interaction in the
approach [9, 10, 12, 14, 15] is built on the variational ground state of (m e 6,7Li)+3 is determined by the following
method which allows the numerical calculation of the Hamiltonian:
energy levels in three-particle systems with high accuracy. g
HFS 2pa mgN
In order to ?nd an arrangement of the low lying energy DH0 = (Sm · I)d (xm)3 m m
levels with high precision we should take into account dif- m pg g
ferent corrections to the particle interaction operator. First of - 2pa e m (Se · Sm)d (xm - xe)
all these corrections are related to recoil effects, vacuum 3 memm
polarization (VP) and nuclear structure effects. The aim of + 2pa gegN S · I d (x ), (4)
determining an analytical calculation of HFS in a muonic ( e ) e3 memp
helium atom including an excited state was realized in
[6, 7, 10–12, 16]. It allowed one to present HFS in an where ge, gm and gN are the gyromagnetic factors of the
analytical form as a series into small parameters existing in electron, muon and nucleus. The total spin of the three spin
the task. In this work we aim to extend this approach to particles can be either 2, 1 or 0 for (m e 6Li)+3 and 5/2, 3/2 or
7
muonic lithium ions, which are of potential interest for 1/2 for (m e +3Li) .
experimental study. So, the purpose of this paper is to HFS of the energy levels in muonic lithium ions is
provide a detailed calculation of the HFSs for the systems determined by the following matrix elements:
(m e 63Li)+, (m e 73Li)+. n = DHHFS = a I · S - b S · S + c S · I ,
The bound particles in muonic lithium ions have different 0 m m e e
masses me ? mm ? mLi. As a result the muon and Li nucleus (5)
comprise the pseudonucleus (m 6,7Li)++3 and the muonic
lithium ion looks like a two-particle system in the rst where the spin-space expectation values can be calculated?
approximation. The three-particle bound system (m e 6,7Li)+ using the following basic transformation [17]:3
is described by the Hamiltonian: Y = ?(-1)Sm+I+SS SS e+SNm z (2SNm + 1)(2SNe + 1)
H = H0 + DH + DHrec + DHVP + DHstr + DHvert, SNe
1
H =- ?2 - 1 ?2 - 3a - 2a , ??? Se S Sm N Ne?0 e ?Y . (6)
2Mm 2Me xm x ?Sm S S m? SNeSSze (1) N
DH = a - a D = - 1 ? ? SNm is the spin in the muon–nucleus subsystem, S is the, Hrec m · e, ( Ne2)
x x M spin in the electron–nucleus subsystem and S is totalme e Li angular momentum. The properties of the 6j-symbols
where xm and x are the muon and electron coordinates can also be found in [17]. As follows from (4) and (5),e
relative to the lithium nucleus, and M = m M (m + M ) the basic contributions to coef?cients a, b and c are thee e Li e Li
and Mm = mmMLi (mm + MLi ) are the reduced masses of the following:
subsystems (e 6,7 ++3 Li) and (m 6,7 ++ g gD D D 3
Li) . The Hamiltonian 2pa N m
terms HVP, Hstr and Hvert, which describe the VP,
a0 = d (xm) ,
3 mpmm
structure and vertex corrections, are constructed below. In the 2pa gmge
initial approximation the wave function of the ground state b0 = d (xm - xe) ,
has the form: 3 mmme
Y 2pa g g0( e Nxe, xm) = ye0 (xe)ym0 (xm) c0 = d (xe) , (7)3 memp
= 1p (6a2MeMm)
3 2e-3aMmxme-2aMexe. (3) where á...? denotes the expectation value in coordinate
space over wave functions (3). We have to take into
As follows from the structure of the Hamiltonian presented in account the numerical values of the gyromagnetic factors
(1)–(2), we include in the basic Hamiltonian H0 only part of ge = 2 for the coef?cient b, ge = 2(1 + ke ) = 2(1+
the Coulomb electron–nucleus interaction. The remainder is 1.15965218111(74) · 10-3), and for the coef?cient c,
considered as a perturbation as is the the Coulomb muon– gm = 2(1 + km) = 2 · (1 + 1.16592069(60) · 10-3), g (6N 3Li)=
electron interaction. In this way we can explore an analytical 0.822047, g (7N 3Li) = 2.170951.
method for the calculation of hyper?ne structure based on PT. The expectation value (5) is the 4 ? 4 matrix corre-
An analytical solution for the wave function (3) allows us to sponding to different values of total spin and muon–nucleus
obtain the perturbation contributions in two small parameters spin: (S = 0, SNm = 1 ), (S = 1, S = 1Nm ), (S = 1, S 3Nm = ),
α and M 2 2 2e Mm as demonstrated below. The corrections due to 3
electron–muon interaction and mass polarization term (2) are (S = 2, SNm = ) for the ion (m e 6 + 13Li) ; and (S = , SNm = 1),2 2
considered in the second order of PT in subsequent sections. (S = 3 , S 3Nm = 1), (S = , SNm = 2), (S = 5 , SNm = 2) for2 2 2
2
J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 48 (2015) 195003 A P Martynenko and A A Ulybin
(m e 7Li)+3 ):
= 2pa gegmb0 ò Y(xe, xm)d (xe - xm)Y(xe, xm3 memm
? gegm 1dxedxm = nF ? ? (10)4 32Me
??1 + ?3Mm ?
?? ? ?= n + k + ( + k )??- M 8 M
2 ?
1 m 1 m 2 e + eF ??
?
? Mm 3 M2 ??
?,
m ??
3
n = 64Me a
4
= { 36140.290 MHzF ,3memm 36141.701 MHz
c0 = 2pa gegN ò Y(xe, xm)d (xe)Y(xe, xm)dxedxm3 memp
= n mm gegN = { 1674.700 MHzF ,mp 4 4422.900 MHz (11)
where we have extracted in square brackets the Fermi energy
nF, muon anomalous magnetic moment correction kmnF and
Figure 1. Schematic HFSs of the ground state in muonic lithium recoil terms. Their corresponding numerical values for two
ions. Numerical values of angular momenta are presented in the case
m + lithium ions are presented in table 1.( e 63Li) . Note that, as we determine contributions to the energy
spectrum numerically, corresponding results are presented
m + with an accuracy of 0.001MHz. We express further the HFSthe ion ( e 73Li) . After its diagonalization we obtain four contributions in the frequency unit using the relation
energy eigenvalues ni. In the case of muonic lithium ions we DEHFS = 2p?DnHFS. Modern numerical values of funda-
have relations a ? b and a ? c. So, small HFS intervalsDni mental physical constants are taken from [18–20]: the
related to the experiment can be written with good accuracy in electron mass me = 0.510998928(11) · 10-3 GeV, the
the simple form: muon mass mm = 0.1056583715(35) GeV, the ?ne structure
constant a-1 = 137.035999074(44), the proton mass m
DnHFS(m 6 )= 2(b -
p
2c)
e Li + ? b c ?O? , ?, = 0.938272046(21) GeV, the magnetic moments of the1 3
3 ? a a ? Li nucleus in nuclear magnetons m (63Li) = 0.8220473(6) and
7
Dn (m )= b + 4c + ? b c ? m (3Li) = 3.256427(2), the masses of the Li nucleus M (
6Li)
HFS e 6
3
2 3Li O?? ,3 a a ??, (8) = 5.60152 GeV and M (73Li) = 6.53383 GeV, the muon
anomalous magnetic moment km = 1.16592091(63) · 10-3,
( - ) ? ? and the electron anomalous magnetic moment ke =DnHFS(m 7 )= 5 b 3c1 e 3Li + ? b cO? , ??, 1.15965218076(27) · 10-3.8 a a In the following sections we calculate different correc-
DnHFS(m 7 )= 3(b + 5c) ? b c ?e Li + O? , ?. (9) tions to coef?cients b0 and c? 0 over two small parameters α2 3 8 a a ? and Me Mm.
For the angular momentum of the muon–nucleus subsystem
SmN = 3 2 and SmN = 1 2 (m e 63Li)+ the HFS intervals (8)
between states with total angular momentum S = 2, 1 and 2. Recoil corrections
S = 1, 0 arise from magnetic interaction between the
electron and pseudonucleus (m 6Li)++. The same situation Let us consider a calculation of important recoil corrections of3 a M a M2 M a M24 e 4 e e 4 eis valid for HFS intervals (9) for (m e 7Li)+. A schematic orders , 2 ln and 2 . Using the basic relations3 Mm Mm Mm Mm
diagram of the HFS in muonic lithium ions is presented in obtained in [6] for the muonic helium atom we present here
?gure 1. corresponding results for muonic lithium ions. Some of these
In ?rst order PT the basic contributions to the coef?cients corrections have already appeared in the equation (10). In
b and c (7) can be calculated analytically using (3) (hereafter second order PT (SOPT) we also have the contribution to
the upper and lower values correspond to (m e 63Li)+ and HFS which contains the necessary order corrections. The
3
J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 48 (2015) 195003 A P Martynenko and A A Ulybin
Table 1. HFS of the ground state in muonic lithium ions (m e 6,7 +3 Li) .
Contribution to HFS b, MHz c, MHz Equation
The Fermi splitting 36140.290 36141.701 1674.700 4422.900 (10)–(11)
Recoil correction –512.303 –511.012 8.467 22.302 (25), (28)
of order a4 (me mm )
Correction of muon anomalous 42.137 42.138 — — (10)
magnetic moment of order a5
Relativistic correction of order a6 5.774 5.774 0.535 1.413 [7]
One-loop VP correction in 1g 0.701 0.706 0.066 0.175 (37), (38)
interaction of orders a5, a6
One-loop VP correction 0.723 0.724 0.103 0.271 (40), (41),
in the SOPT (44), (48),
(52), (53),
(57), (61),
(63)
Nuclear structure correction — — –0.283 –0.707 (65)
in 1g-interaction of order a6
Nuclear structure correction — — –0.195 –0.486 (67)
in 2g-interactions of order a5
Nuclear structure correction –0.525 –0.470 –0.153 –0.385 (69), (71),
of order a6 in SOPT (73), (75),
Recoil correction of order 6.430 6.431 — — (77)
a5 (me mm )ln(me mm )
Recoil correction of order 0.593 0.507 — — (82)–(84)
a4 (Me MLi ) Me Mm
Electron vertex correction 40.956 40.958 — — (86)
of order a5 in 1g-interaction
Electron vertex correction –0.056 –0.056 — — (89), (91),
of order a5 in SOPT (92)
Summary contribution 35724.720 35727.401 1683.240 4445.483
correction to the coef?cient b is the following: For the subsequent integration over the coordinates in (14) we
= ò Y D - ? ( ? ? ) use the compact expression of the electron reduced Coulombb1 2 (x , xm) HHFSe 0 (xe xm)G xe, xm; x e, x m Green?s function obtained in [21]:
? DH (x?e, x?m)Y(x?e, x?m)dxedxmdx?e dx?m, ? yen (x3)y (x1)
(12) Ge (x1, x3) = ? en
n = 0 Ee0 - Een
where the reduced Coulomb Green?s function has the form: =- 2aM
2
e e-2aMe (x1+x3)p ?
? 1
? ( ? ? ) ? 4aMex>G xe, xm; x e, x m
= ? ymn (xm)yen? (xe)ymn (x?m)yen? (x?e) . (13) - ln(4aMex>) - ln(4aMex<) + E i(4aMex<)
n,n? = 0 Em0 + Ee0 - Emn - Een? 7 1 - e4aMex+ - - a < ?2C 2 Me (x1 + x3) + ?, (16)
Dividing the sum over muon states into two parts with n = 0 2 4aMex< ?
and n = 0 we obtain for the ?rst part:
4pa g gm where x< = min(x1, xò 3
), x> = max(x1, x3), C = 0.577216?
e
b1(n = 0) = ym0 (x3) 2ye0 (x3) is the Euler?s constant and Ei(x) is the exponential-integral
3 memm function. The result of coordinate integration in (14) can be
? ?? yen? (x3)yen? (x1) ( )y written as an expansion in M M :- Vm x
e m
1 e0 (x1)dx1dx3, (14)
n? =0 Ee0 Een? ? 2
ò ?? a a ??
b1(n = 0) = n (1 + k )? 11 Mm e + 1 MeF 2
Vm (x1) = ym0 (x2)?? - - ??ym0 (x ) x
?
d ? 24 Mm 72 Mm2 2
x2 x1 x1 ?
=- a
? ?
( + a ) -6ax Mm ( ) ? ?-
M
? 64 ln
e - 7 - 128 ln 2 + 64 ln 3??. (17)
1 3 x1Mm e 1 . 15 M ?
x m ??1
4
J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 48 (2015) 195003 A P Martynenko and A A Ulybin
The second contribution to b corresponding to muon excited where we de?ne
states is equal to
? ?1 2 2
pa g g = ?? Emn - Em0? ám ∣ x4 e mb1(n=0) = ò ym0 (x3)y ( ) S1 2 ? ? 0 ∣mn? . (23)e0 x33 m mm n Rm ame
? ?ymn (x3)ymn (x2)Ge (x3, x1, z)
n=0
? ? Discrete and continuum state contributions to (23) are
? ? a - a ?y (x )y (x )dx dx dx , (18) correspondingly equal [22, 23]:?? - ?? m0 2 e0 1 1 2 3x2 x1 x1
d 28n6 (n - 1)2n- 92
where the electron Coulomb Green?s function S1 2 = ? = 1.90695 ..., (24)( 9n n + 1)2n+ 2
?
Ge (x3, x1, z) = ? yen? (x3)yen? (x1)
n?=0 z - E ?en? c = ò 28kdk ? 1 + ik ?i kS ? ?? y 1 2? (x )y (x ) 0 9 2 -2p? ? ?= en 3 en? 1 2 1 - ik. (19) (k + 1) (1 - e k )
n?=0Em0 + Ee0 - Emn - Een? = 1.03111 ...,
The term (-a x1) does not contribute due to the orthogon- 9 2
ality of muon wave functions. In order to perform an where Rm = Mma . Summing the corrections in the ?rst and2
analytical integration in (18) we use a replacement of G by SOPT we obtain the total recoil correction to the coef?cient be 4
the free electron Green?s function [6]: in order a :
Ge (x3, x1, Em0 + Ee0 - Em ) ?? M 8 M 2 M 4 ?? ?
3 2
n
b = n 1 + k -3 e - e Mln e + e ?
? ( rec F ( m )? 2Ge0 x3 - x1, Em0 + Ee0 - Emn) ? Mm 9 Mm Mm 9 ?Mm ?
= -Me e
-b x3-x1 8 M 2 ? 185 ?
p - , (20) ? S
e
1 2 + ?? - 2 ln 2 + ln 3?
?
???2 x3 x .1 9 Mm2 64 ? (25)
where b = 2Me (Emn - Ee0 - Em0 ) . Moreover, we replace
the electron wave functions in (18) with their values at the
origin ye0 (0). The omitted terms in this approximation can There are similar contributions to the coef?cient c in
give contributions of second order in Me . The results of SOPT. In order to obtain these we have to use
Mm DHHFS (x ) = 2pa gegN d (x ) in the general expression (12).
numerical integration presented in [6] for muonic helium 0 e 3 mem ep
show that these corrections are numerically small. After used After evident simpli?cations the recoil correction to c can be
approximations an analytical integration over coordinate x written as1
gives the result: 4pa gegm
c1 = mp ò ye0 (0)G?e (0, x1)Vm (x1)ye0 (x1)dx1.
ò e-b x3-x1 dx 3 m1 ex3 - x1 x2 - x1 (26)
= p ?? 1 - 1 - + 1 b - 2 Appearing here, the electron reduced Green?s function with4 ? b x3 x2 x3 x22 6 one zero argument has the form:
b2- x3 - 3 + ?
?
x2 ??, (21) ?? y 2G? (0, x) = en (0)yen (x) 2aMe -2aM x24 e = - e e
n = 0 Ee0 - Een p
where an expansion of the exponent e-b x2-x3 over
b ? 1 5 ?∣x2 - x3∣ is used. It is equivalent to an expansion in powers ? ?? - ln 4aMex + - C - 2aMex??. (27)
of Me Mm . Whereas the ?rst term b-1 does not contribute, 4aMex 2
the second term in (19) yields-n 35MeF . In addition, the third24Mm The result of an analytical integration is presented as an
term in (21) leads to the following integral: expansion in Me Mm:
ò ym0 (x3)? 2Me (Emn - Em0) ?= Me 8 M 2 ? 1 3 M ??c c e en 1 0?
? y ( )y ( )( · )y ( ) ??
+ ? + ln - ln ??
Mm 9 Mm
2 ? 4 2 Mm ??
mn x3 mn x2 x2 x
?
3 m0 x2 dx2dx3
? ?3 2 ={ 8.467 MHz= 1 ? M . (28)e ? S1 2, (22) 22.302 MHz
3aMe ?Mm ?
5
J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 48 (2015) 195003 A P Martynenko and A A Ulybin
b:
3 32
= 8a (2aMe ) (3aMm )bVP
9memm p3
? ò ? r (x)dx ò dx ò dxme-6aMmxme-4aMe exe1
? 2 2 ?
? ?pd ( - mxm x e x -2m x x -x? e) - e
e m e
??. (34)? xm - xe ?
Two integrals over the muon and electron coordinates in (34)
can be evaluated analytically:
Figure 2. The VP effects. The dashed line represents the Coulomb
photon. The wave line represents the hyper?ne part of the Breit I1= ò dx -6aM x -4aM xe ò dxme m me e epd (x - x )potential. G? is the reduced Coulomb Green?s function. m e
= p
2
? ? , (35)3. The effects of VP 3( a )3? + 2M3 Mm 1 e? ?3Mm ?
The VP effects lead to the appearance of new terms in the
Hamiltonian which we denote by DHVP in (1). The ratio of I = dx dx e-6aMmxme-4aMexe
the electron Compton wave length to the Bohr radius in the 2 ò e ò m
subsystem (m6,73 Li)++ : Zmma me = 2.96185? is not a small m 2 2e x -2mex xm-xe
value. So, we cannot use for the calculation of VP effects an ? xm -
e
xe
expansion over α. In this section we present a calculation of
VP corrections to hyper?ne structure in the ?rst and second ? 2 ? ?2 ? ??
orders of PT. A modi?cation of the Coulomb potentials due to ? 4Me? + ??1 +
mex ? + Me ?6 + 4mex ??
VP effects is described by the following relations [24, 25]: p2m 2x2 ? 9Mm2 3Mma ? 3Mm ? 3Mma ??e ?
D = a ò ? r x ??- 3a ?
= (3aM ) .5m ? ?3? ?2? ?2
V eN (x ) ( ) ?e-2m xx dx, ?1 + 2MeVP e e ep ? ? ? ?? ??1 +
mex ? ? 2Me + mex ?
3 1 xe 3Mm 3Mma ? ? 3Mm 3Mma ?
x2r x = - 1( ) (2x
2 + 1) ( (36)x , 29)4 They are separately divergent in the subsequent integration
a ò ? ? 3a ? over the spectral parameter ξ. But their sum is ?nite and canDVmNVP (xm ) = p r (x)??- ?e-2mexxm? dx, (30) be written as follows:3 1 xm
2aM ?e
DV emVP ( xe - xm ) = a ?p ò r (x) a e-2m xx m x ( ) bVP = n r (x dxe e d , 31 F ? 3 ò )3 1 xem 9p ? 2MMm 1 + e? ?
? 1
3M
where xem =
m ?
∣xe - xm∣. These terms give contributions to the ? ?
hyper?ne structure in the SOPT and are discussed below. The ? 2M ? ?e + mex 2Me + m x2 e ? + m2 ex ??
VP correction in the ?rst order PT is connected with the ?? 3Mm 3Mma 3Mm 3Mma ? 3Mma ???
modi?cation of HFS part of the Hamiltonian (4) (the ? ?? m x ?
2? ?2
amplitude in ?gure 2(a)). It can be written in integral form 2M m x
?1 +
e e e
in the coordinate representation [26]: 3Mma
?? ?? + ?3Mm 3Mma ?
D HFS,em ( 8aVVP xem) = - (Se · Sm) a ={ 0.701 MHz ,3memm 3p 0.706 MHz
? ? (37)2 2
? ò ? r (x)dx ??pd ( me xx -2m xxem ) - e e em??, (32) Two small parameters α and Me Mm determine the order of1 xem this contribution and are written explicitly in (37). The
8ag a correction bVP has the ?fth order in α and the ?rst order inDVHFS,eNVP (xe) = N (Se · I) Me Mm. The muon VP contribution to HFS is negligibly6memp 3p
? ? small. The two-loop VP contribution to the hyper?ne2 2? ò ? r (x)dx ?pd (x ) - me x e-2m xx ? ( ) structure is suppressed relative to the one-loop VP contribu-? e e e?. 331 x tion by the factor a p. Thus at the present level of accuracye
we can neglect this correction because its numerical value is
The matrix element of the potential (32) over the wave small. Higher orders of PT which contain one-loop VP and
function (3) gives the necessary contribution to the coef?cient the Coulomb interaction (2) give recoil corrections of order
6
J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 48 (2015) 195003 A P Martynenko and A A Ulybin
n aM2e Mln m . Such contributions are included in the theore- The contribution (40) has the same order of magnitudeF Mm2 Me O (a5Me ) as the previous correction (37) in the ?rst order PT.
tical error. Mm
A similar correction to the coef?cient c of order a6 is The same evaluation can be performed in the case of
calculated analytically using the potential (33) (a1 = 2aMe me): the muon–nucleus Coulomb VP potential (30). The electron
ag m is in the intermediate 1S-state and the reduced Coulombm
c NVP = nF p Green?s function of the system transforms to the Green?s6 mp function of the muon. For this case the correction of the
1 - a2 (6a + a3 - 3p) + (6 - 3a2 + 6a4)arccosa operator (30) to the HFS (the coef?cient b) is obtained in the? 1 1 1 1 1 1 form:
3a31 1 - a21
{ m- a
? ?
N
= 0.066 MHz bVP, SOPT = nF p ò r (x)dx x 2dx3. 33 1 ò0
0.175 MHz (38) ? - ?? + 2M ?? - ?? ò x e3?1 ? x2 ??1+
mex ??
x 3M 3M2dx2e m e ma ?
0
?
The electron VP effect (the potentials (29)–(31)) gives ? ??
1 - ln x> - ln x< + E i(x<)
the corrections in SOPT (the amplitude in ?gure 2(b)). The x>
contribution of the electron–nucleus Coulomb interaction (29) 7 x x ?2 + x3 1 - e <
to the HFS can be presented in the form: + - 2C - +2 2 x< ??
- = 4pag gm ò ò ={ 0.694 MHzeb e N dx dx . (41)VP, SOPT 1 23m mm 0.693 MHze
? ò a ?dx3 p ò r (x)dxym0 (x3)ye0 (x3) The most dif?cult aspect for the computation is the VP3 1
? y y y y correction to HFS which is determined by the operator (31) in? ? mn (x3) en? (x3) mn (x2) en? (x1) SOPT. In this case we should consider the intermediate
, ? =0 Em0 + Ee0 - Emn - Een? excited states both for the muon and the electron. Thisn n
?- a ? contribution is divided into two parts. The ?rst part with the? ? 3 ?e-2mexx? ? 1ym0 (x2)ye0 (x1), muon in the intermediate 1S-state has the form:x1 (39)
m-e = = 256a
2 (2aM )3(3aM )3( e mb n 0)
where the indices on the coef?cient b indicate the VP VP, SOPT 9memm
contribution in SOPT when the electron–nucleus Coulomb ?
2 -a (2Me+6Mm)x3
VP potential is considered. The summation in (39) is carried ? ò x3 dx3e0
out over the complete system of the eigenstates of the electron ? - a ?2 2 Mex1
and muon excluding the state with n, n? = 0. The evaluation ? ò x1 dx1e ò r (x)dxDVVP m (x1)Ge (x1, x3),0 1
of (39) can be carried out using the orthogonality condition (42)
for the muon wave functions:
2aM 2 ò ? ò ? where the auxiliary function VVP m (x1) is equalb e-N eVP, SOPT = nF p r (x)dx x 22 3 dx39 Mm 1 0 (3aMm )3
? ? x ? DV (x ) = dx e
-6aMmx2
ò - 2Mx e ?1+ me? 1 ? a ?? -
? + 2M ? VP m 1 2x ?1 e ò3 ? p
x dx e 3Mm 2 Me e ? 3M1 1 m ? a
0 ? e-2mex x1-x2
? ? ? ? x1 - x2
? ? 3Mm? - ln ?
2Me
? x 2M ?e ? 4 3
? x>? = 108aM2Mex> 3Mm 3Mm m
2
? ? x 2 2 2 21(36a Mm - 4me x )
+ 2M 7 ME i? e? x e (x1 + x3)
3Mm 2 3M ? ??12aMm (e-2mm exx1 - e-6aMmx1)
?? + x (4m 2x2 2 2 -6aMmx1?2M 1 e - 36a Mm )e ?. (43)e x
1 - e3Mm <+ ? = {1.136 MHz . (40)2Me ?x< 1.137 MHz Substituting (43) into (42) we obtain the result after numerical
3Mm ?? integration:
It is necessary to emphasize that the transformation of the
b m-e (n = 0) = -0.310 MHz . (44)
expression (39) into (40) is performed by means of (16). VP, SOPT {-0.311 MHz
7
J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 48 (2015) 195003 A P Martynenko and A A Ulybin
The second part of the correction to HFS with VP coming sequence of transformations in the coordinate representation:
from the electron–muon interaction can be written as follows:
?? Emn ò dx2 ò dx3ym0 (x2)ymn (x3)
m- 2= = - 4a gegm n=0b eVP, SOPT (n 0) 9 m mm ò dx3 ? ymn (x2 ) x3 - x2 y (xe m0 2)
? ò dx2 ò ? r (x)dxym (x3)y (x3) = dx0 e0 ò 2 ò dx3d (x3 - x2)1
-b x -x ? ?2? ?? ?y ( )y ( ) M e 3 1 3m x em x ?- x3 - x2 yn 3 n 2 p - m0 (x3)??ym0 (x2). (50)2Mn=0 2 x3 x1 m
? a e-2mex x2-x1- ym0 (x2 )ye0 (x1), (45) We have the divergent expression in (50) due to the presencex2 x1 of the δ-function. The same divergence occurs in the other
term with b2 entering in the square brackets of (46). But their
where we have replaced the exact electron Coulomb Green?s sum is ?nite and can be evaluated analytically with the
function with the free electron Green?s function. Also following result:
neglecting the higher order recoil corrections we replace the
2 ? 2 2 ?
electron wave functions by their values at the origin. Then the = n 3a
2M
bb e2 F ??1 + 5
a Mm ??. (51)integration over x can be performed analytically: 8m Mm ? 8 m 21 e e ?
ò e-b x3-x1 e-2mex x2-xJ = 1dx Numerically this correction is essentially smaller than the1 x3 - x1 x2 - x1 leading order term. The other terms in (46) give negligibly
= - 4p 1 small contributions.
x - x b2 - 4m 2x2 The potential (29) with VP does not contain the muon3 2 e
? ? coordinate. A corresponding contribution to the coef?cient c in? ?e-b x3-x2 - e-2mex x3-x2 ? SOPT can be determined by setting n = 0 for the muon state in
? ( - - x - ) the Coulomb Green?s function. Moreover, the d (xe) function in? 1 e 2me x3 x2= p - b (4) leads to the appearance of the electron Green?s function with2
?? 2m 2x2 x - x 2m 2x2 one zero argument. The value of HFS in this case is equal toe 3 2 e
(1 - e-2mex x3-x2 )b2 b2 x - x c e-NVP, SOPT = n ammgegNF+ 3 2 4pmp
8m 4e x
+
4 x 2 23 - x2 4me x ? ò ? 2r (x) x2a1 + 3a1 + 2a1 ln ad 1 - 2b3 3 2 ? 3- - b (x3 - x1) + 1 2ax ...?, (46) 18m 4 4e 12m 2x2e ? ={ 0.104 MHz . (52)0.274 MHz
where an expansion of the ?rst exponent in square brackets in
powers of b ∣x3 - x2∣ is carried out. Further transformation is The VP in the Coulomb muon–nucleus (m - N) interaction
based on the completeness condition: does not contribute to c in SOPT because of the muon wave
? y ( )y ( ) = d ( - ) - y ( )y ( ) ( ) function?s orthogonality. Let us calculate the correction to themn x3 mn x2 x3 x2 m0 x3 m0 x2 . 47
= coef?cient c arising from (31) in SOPT. Only an intermediaten 0
muon state with n = 0 in the Green?s function gives the
The orthogonality of wave functions leads to the zero results necessary contribution. By means of (27) we perform
for the second and ?fth terms in the square brackets of (46). coordinate integration and express this correction in the form
The ?rst term in (46) gives the leading order contribution in
g = x a (g = mex 3aMm, g1 = 2Me 3Mm):two small parameters α and Me Mm ( me 3 Mm):
2
b m-e (n=0) = b + b c e-m = -n 2ammgNMeVP, SOPT 11 12 VP, SOPT F
27pm 2pMm
= ??-0.432 MHz = - 3a2M, b e?- 11 nF, (48)
? r (x)dx ?
0.431 MHz 8m ? ò ò xe-g1xe ( ) dx1a ? r x 1 - g2 2 02= n Me ò ( )dx [16 + g (5g (g + 4) + 29)b ]12 F .24pme 1 x (1 + g)4 ? ? x ???e-gx - e-x + e-x (g2 - 1)2 ??
(49)
? ?? 1 - 5ln g x + - C - 1 g ?x?
The summary numerical value for b11 + b12 is included in ? g 1 11x 2 2 ?
table 1. The calculation of other terms of the expression (46) in -0.018 MHz
the HFS is also important. Taking the fourth term in (46), which ={ . (53)
is proportional to b2 = 2M (Em - Em ), we perform the -0.047 MHze n 0
8
J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 48 (2015) 195003 A P Martynenko and A A Ulybin
Let us evaluate the terms in the coef?cient b with n = 0.
The δ-like term of the potential (33) gives the following
contribution to the HFS:
? ?(21) ( = ) = n a ò r (x) x ?- 35M ?b eVP, SOPT n 0 F p d ? ?. (58)3 1 24Mm ?
Another correction from the second term of (33) can be
simpli?ed by means of the replacement of the exact electron
Green?s function by the free electron Green?s function:
(22) 16a3Mem 2e
Figure 3. The effects of VP in SOPT. The dashed line represents the bVP, SOPT(n=0) = -
?rst part of the potential DH (3). The wavy line represents the 9pmemm
hyper?ne part of the Breit potential. ? ò ? r (x)x2dx ò dx2 ò dx31
ò e-2m? ex x3-x4dx4ym0 (x4)There is another contribution of SOPT in which the x3 - x4
hyper?ne VP potential enters as a perturbation (32)–(33) (see ?
?gure 3). The other perturbation potential in this case is ? ?ymn (x4)ymn (x2) x3 - x2 ym0 (x2). (59)
determined by the ?rst term of equation (2). Dividing the HFS n=0
correction of (33) into two parts we write the ?rst part with The analytical coordinate integration in (59) gives the result:
n = 0 for the muon ground state. The second part with n = 0
contains excited muon states. The term with the δ-function in b (22) ( = ) = -n 2aMeVP, SOPT n 0 F
(32) gives the following contribution to HFS at n = 0: 9pMm
( ? ? ?b 11) a 11Me 1 1VP, SOPT(n = 0) = nF p ò r (x)dx . (54) ? ò r (x)dx ? -3 1 24Mm 1 ? g (1 + g)4
The integral in the spectral variable ξ is divergent. So, we ? ?? + 1 + g + 215g
2
+ 35g
3
+ 35g
4 ?
4 10 ??
?
. (60)
should consider the contribution of the second term of the ? g 16 4 16 ??
potential (32) to HFS which is determined by the following
formula: The sum of contributions (58) and (60) is ?nite:
a ? b (21)16 2m 2 ò VP, SOPT(n=0) + b
(22)
VP, SOPT(n=0)
b (12) e 2VP, SOPT(n = 0) = p r (x)x dx = -n 2aM ò ? 35 + 76g + 59g2 39 memm 1 eF p r (x)dx + 16g? ò 9 Mm 1 16(1 + g)4dx3ye0 (x3)DV1(x3)
= -0.432 MHz .
? ò ? yen? (x3)y {en? (x1)- DV2 (x1)ye0 (x1)dx1, (55) -0.431 MHz (61)n? = 0 Ee0 Een?
D D The absolute values of the calculated VP corrections (38),where V1(x3) is de?ned in (43) and V2 (x1) in (15). (42), (44), (45), (47), (57) and (61) are suf?ciently large, but
Integrating in (55) over all coordinates we obtain the their summary contribution to the HFS (see table 1) is small
following result in the leading order in the ratio (Me Mm ): because they have different signs.
2
= = -n m M The HFS interaction (33) gives the contributions to theb (12)VP, SOPT(n 0) e eF M p 2 coef?cient c in SOPT. Since the muon coordinate does note 216 Mm enter into the potential (33), we set n = 0 for the muon
? ò ? 2 3r (x)x x32 + 63g + 44g + 11gd . (56) intermediate states in the Green?s function. The basic formula1 (1 + g)4 for this correction is
This integral also has the divergence at large values of the 8a3g ?N
parameter ξ. But the sum of integrals (54) and (56) is ?nite: cVP, SOPT = p ò r (x)dx dx1 dx39 mem 1 ò òp
b (11)VP, SOPT(n = 0) + b (12)VP, SOPT(n = 0) ? ò dx 24 ym0 (x3) ye0 (x4)ye0 (x1)
= n aMe ò ? r (x) x11 + 12g + 3g2F d ? 1 1 ?72pMm 1 (1 + g)4 ? ? - ?
{ ?? x3 - x4 x4 ??
Ge (x4, x1)
= 0.067 MHz . (57) ? 2 2 ?
0.067 MHz ? ?pd (x ) - me x e-2m1 exx1? ?. (62)x1 ?
9
J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 48 (2015) 195003 A P Martynenko and A A Ulybin
Integrating over x3 analytically as in (15) we divide (62) into the last integral in analytical form:
two parts. The coordinate integration in the ?rst term with the 33aMemmgegN -0.195 MHz
δ-function is performed by means of (28). In the second term cstr, 2g = -nF = { . (67)
of (62) we use the electron Green?s function in the form ( ) 16mpL -0.486 MHz16 .
The summary result can be written in the integral form in the Other parts of the iteration contribution áV f HFS1g ? G ? V1g?str
leading order in Me Mm: are used in SOPT (see ?gure 6).
a Two different types of nuclear structure corrections togNmmMecVP, SOPT = nF p another coef?cient c in SOPT are presented in ?gure 6. The18 mpMm ?rst contribution is determined by amplitudes in ?gure 6(a),
+ mex (b) when the hyper?ne part of the ?rst perturbation is deter-3 2
? ò ? r x x 3aMm = { 0.017 MHz mined by magnetic form factor GM and the second pertur-( )d ? ? . (63)x 2 0.044 MHz bation is connected to the nucleus charge radius r1 N:? m?1 + e3a ? 2Mm ? DV Cstr,e-N (r) = pZar2Nd (r). (68)
3
This correction is described by the following general integral
expression and has the numerical value (a2 = 4aMe L):
e-N = -n a
2r2M 2g g mm
4. Nuclear structure and recoil effects c N e e N1,str, SOPT F
mp
Another important type of correction to HFS of muonic ? ò ? 2 ? 5 1 ?x dxe-x (1+a2)??-ln a2x + - C - a2x?lithium ions which we investigate in this work is determined 0 2 2 ?
by the nuclear structure and recoil [27–31]. We describe the -0.0003 MHz
charge and magnetic moment distributions of the Li nucleus ={- . (69)0.0008 MHz
by means of two form factors GE (k2) and GM (k2) for which e-N
we use the dipole parameterization: Numerically, the contribution c1,str, SOPT is obtained by means
of the charge radii of nucleus 6,73 Li r (63Li) = 2.589(39) fm
G 2E (k )= 1? ? , G (k2M ) and r (
7
3Li) = 2.444(42) fm [33]. The second type of nuclear
2 2
? + k1 ? structure correction from amplitudes in ?gure 6(c), (d) is? L2 ? calculated by means of the potential DH (2) and the nucleus
= G (0) = mN magnetic form factor. In the case of the amplitude in? ? , G (0) gN , (64)2 2 Zm ?gure 6(c) we perform the integration over the muon? + k ? p?1 L ? coordinate in the muon state with n = 0 and present the2 correction to the coef?cient c as follows (a3 = 6aMm L):
where the parameter Λ is related to the nucleus charge radius 2
c e-N
2a2Me mmgegN
r : L = 12 r . In 1g-interaction the nuclear structure 2,str, SOPT + c1 = nFN N mpL2
correction to the coef?cient c is determined by the amplitudes ? ?
2
shown in ?gure 4. The purely point contribution in ?gure 4(b) ? ò x1 dx1e-x1(1+a2) ò x2dx20 0
leads to the HFS value (11). Then the nuclear structure ? 1 ?
correction is given by ? ??1 + a3x ??e-x2 (a2+a )2 32
g g mm ? G (x) ? ?
c e Nstr, 1g = nF ?ò M e-4aMex? dx - 1( ) ? 14m G 0 ? ? ?? - ln(a2x>) - ln(a2x<) + E i(a2x<)p M a2x>
={-0.283 MHz a x- . (65)0.707 MHz + 7 - 2C - 1 2 < ?a2 (x1 + x2 ) + 1 - e ??2 2 a2x<
= 8.314 MHz . (70)
Two-photon amplitudes of the electron–nucleus (e–N) { 21.918 MHz
interaction (see ?gure 5) give the contribution to HFS of order
a After the subtraction of the point contribution c1 (28) we5. This can be presented in integral form in terms of the form obtain
factors GE and GM taking into account the subtraction term
[30, 32]: c e-N -0.153 MHz2,str, SOPT = {- . (71)3aM mmg g dp ( ) 0.384 MHz= n e e N Gc M pstr, 2g F
2p ò G (p - 1 , (66)2mp p4 GM (0) [ E ) ]
There is a nuclear structure contribution to the coef?cient
where the subtraction term contains the magnetic form factor b in SOPT, which is presented in ?gure 7. For the Coulomb
GM (p). Using the dipole parameterization (64) we can present muon–nucleus interaction the structure correction takes the
10
J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 48 (2015) 195003 A P Martynenko and A A Ulybin
Figure 4. Nuclear structure correction to coef?cient c in 1g-interaction. The bold dot represents the nuclear vertex operator. The wavy line
represents the hyper?ne part of the Breit potential.
Figure 5. Nuclear structure corrections to coef?cient c in 2g-interactions. The bold dot represents the nuclear vertex operator. The wavy line
represents the hyper?ne part of the Breit potential. The dashed line corresponds to the Coulomb potential.
Figure 6.Nuclear structure corrections to coef?cient c in SOPT. The bold dot represents the nuclear vertex operator. The wavy line represents
the hyper?ne part of the Breit potential. The dashed line corresponds to the Coulomb potential. G? is the reduced Coulomb Green?s function.
form:
m- 32p2N = a
2
2 1b 3 2str rN (3aMm )
3memm p
? ò dx3ym0 (x3) ye0 (x 23) Gm (x3, 0, Em0). (72)
An analytical integration over the coordinate x3 in (72) can be
performed using the expression for the muon Green?s
function similar to (27). Expanding the result of the
integration of order O (a6) in the ratio Me Mm we obtain:
? ? Figure 7. Nuclear structure correction to coef?cient b in SOPT. The
m- 2N =- n M 22 M wavy line represents the hyper?ne (e–μ) interaction. is the reducedbstr F24a2Mm2r2N ?? e - e + ?? G??Mm 9 Mm2 ?? Coulomb Green?s function.
={-0.416 MHz- . (73)0.372 MHz the formula:
A similar approach can be used in the calculation of the 32p2a2 2
structure correction to the electron–nucleus interaction. The b e-N 2str = rN ò dx1ò dx3 ym0 (x3)
electron also feels the distribution of the nucleus electric 3memm
charge. The corresponding contribution of the nuclear ? ye0 (x3)Ge (x3, x1, Ee0)ye0 (x1)d (x1). (74)
structure effect on the hyper?ne structure is determined by
11
J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 48 (2015) 195003 A P Martynenko and A A Ulybin
electron are excited to P-states:
32Pa3D = - MeMmbrec,SOPT dx3
m mmM òe Li
? ò dx2 ò dx1Ym0(x3)Ye0(x3)
? ? Ymn(x3)Yen?(x3)Ymn(x2)Yen?(x1)
n,n? =0 Em0 + Ee0 - Emn - Een?
Figure 8. Two-photon exchange diagrams for the electron muon ? (n1 · n2)Ym0(x2)Ye0(x1). (78)–
hyper?ne interaction.
In order to present an analytical estimate of this correc-
After an analytical integration in (74) we obtain the following tion we transform (78) as in section 2, introducing the free
expansion: electron Green?s function:
b e-N = -nF6a 22 3M 2 16a M MeMmr D e mstr N b
? ? rec,SOPT
= ò dx3
2 ? ? memmMLi
? ?1 - 4Me 2Mln e + 4Me ? 2M? 6 ln
e - 4? + ??
? 3Mm 3Mm 9Mm2 ? 3Mm ? ?? ? ò dx2 ò dx1Ym0(x3)Ye0(x3)
={-0.109 MHz -b x -x? Y Y 3 1- . mn(x3) ( ) ex20.098 MHz ? mn(75) n=0 x3 - x1? (n1 · n2)Ym0(x2)Ye0(x1). (79)
The total nuclear structure contribution to the coef?cient b After that the integration over x1 and expansion in b (or in
which is equal to the sum of numerical values (73) and (75) is Me Mm ) give the result:
included in table 1. -b x3-x1
The two-photon electron–muon interaction shown in ò ( edx1 n1 · n2)
?gure 8 provides large recoil corrections. They were inves- x3 - x1
tigated in quantum electrodynamics in [10, 24, 34]. The ? 4x 2 3 ?3 x3 2bx3
leading order recoil contribution to the electron–muon inter- = 2p (n2 · n3)?? - + + ??. (80)3b 2 15 ?
action operator is determined by the following expression:
Taking the ?rst term in square brackets in (80) we perform an
2
D HFS = - a angular integration and introduce the dimensionless variablesVrec,m-e (xme) 8
mm2 - m 2 in integrals with radial wave functions:e
? mmln (smse)d (xme). (76) d = n 64Mb e Me nme rec,SOPT F ?9MLi Mm 2n>1 n - 1
?
3
After averaging DVHFS ? x3 R10 (x3)Rn1(x3)dx3rec,m-e over the wave functions (3) we ò0
obtain the recoil correction to the coef?cient b: ? ò ? x 22 R10 (x2 )Rn1(x2 )dx2. (81)
m-e = n 3a memm mm
0
1
brec F p - lnmm2 m 2e m 3e ?? 2M ? The two contributions of the discrete and continuous spectra1 + e? ?? are the following:3Mm
{ 6.430 MHz 2n- 9= 11 6. (77) dbdisc 2 Me Me n (n - 1) 26.431 MHz rec,SOPT = nF ?9MLi Mm n>1 (n + 1)2n+ 92
0.392 MHz
There are also another two-photon interactions between the ={ . (82)
bound particles in muonic lithium ions. So, for example, one 0.336 MHz
hyper?ne photon transfers the interaction from the electron to -4 arctg(k
the muon and another Coulomb photon from the electron to 11d ?
)
b cont = n 2 Me Me ke k dk
the nucleus (or from the muon to the nucleus). Assuming that rec,SOPT F 9M Mm òLi 0 (1 - e-2p k)(k2 + 1)3 2
these amplitudes give a smaller contribution to HFS we
included them in the theoretical error. ={ 0.212 MHz .
The ?rst-order recoil correction O (Me MLi ) has a con- 0.182 MHz (83)
tribution from intermediate states in which the muon and
12
J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 48 (2015) 195003 A P Martynenko and A A Ulybin
present the electron vertex correction to HFS in the form:
3
= n (1 + km )me Mebvert, 1g F
81p2a2Mm4
? ò ? k2dk ??G (e)(k2) - 1?M ?0
???? ? ?
2 ?2? ? 2 2 2
? ? + ? me ? ? ?
?
? 2M ?? ?e + ? me ?
? ? ?
?-1
? 1 k
2 k2 ?
??? ? 6aMm ? ?? ?? ? 3Mm ? ? 6aMm ? ?? ??
={ 40.956 MHz .40.958 MHz (86)
Figure 9. Correction of the electron vertex in ?rst and second orders The contribution (86) has the order a5. The numerical value
of PT. The Coulomb photon is shown by the dashed line. The wavy (86) is obtained after numerical integration with the one-loop
line represents the hyper?ne part of the Breit potential. G? is the expression of the electron magnetic form factor G (e) (k2).
reduced Coulomb Green?s function. M
When using the value G (e)M (k2 = 0) we obtain the electron
vertex correction 41.959MHz. Thus, the electron form factor
The calculation of the second term in square brackets in (80) in the one-loop approximation leads to the 1MHz decrease of
is essentially simpler and gives the result the vertex correction to the HFS in the 1g-interaction. Taking
(85) as an additional perturbation potential we have to
2M 2d (2) =- n e evaluate its contribution to HFS in SOPT (the diagram in ?gbrec,SOPT F 3MmMLi 9(b)). The dashed line represents the Coulomb Hamiltonian
{ 0.011 MHz DH (2). As previously, we can divide the total contribution of=- (84) the amplitude in ?gure 9(b) into two parts which correspond0.011 MHz to the muon ground state (n = 0) and muon excited
intermediate states (n = 0). The ?rst contribution with
n = 0 takes the form:
8a2
bvert, SOPT (n = 0) = 2
5. Correction of the electron vertex function 3p memm
a4 ?
?
k ?G (e)(k2) - 1?dk
The leading order contribution to the hyper ? M ??ne structure is ò0
related to the interaction operator (4) as discussed above. ? dx1 dx3ye0 (x3)
Among the many corrections to (4) there is a contribution of ò ò
the electron vertex function, which is presented in gure 9(a). ? DV?? 1(k, x3)Ge (x1, x3)Vm (x1)ye0 (x1), (87)
First it is convenient to write this correction in the momentum
where Vm (x1) is de?ned by (15) andrepresentation:
sin
2 (k x3 - x4 )
DVHFS (k2) = - 8a ?s? esm ????G (e)(k2) - 1?? DV?( ) 1(k, x3)= ò dx4ym0 (x4 ) y, 85 - m0 (x4)vertex
3m mm ? 4 ? M x3 x4e
= sin(kx3) 1 .
2
where we take the factor a p of the bracket in the expression x3 ? ?
( ) - ( ) ? + k
2
e (88)[GM (k2) 1]
?
containing the magnetic form factor G eM (k2) ?1 2 ?
of the electron. A commonly used approximation for the ? (6aMm ) ?
magnetic form factor of the electron G (e) (k2M ) ? G (e)M (0)=+ k After the substitution of the electron Green function (28) to1 e is not applicable in this task. Since the typical photon
~ a (88) we transform this expression to integral form:momentum exchange is k Mm we cannot neglect it in
G (e) (k2M ) compared to the mass of the electron me. Therefore, ? ?2? ?2
we must use the exact expression for the Pauli form factor ( 2a m Mbvert, SOPT n = 0) = n eF ? ? ? e ?
g (k2) (G (e)M (k2) - ? 21 g (k2)) [25] trying to improve the 81p ?aMm ? ?Mm ?
estimate of the correction due to the electron anomalous ? k ??G (e)M (k2) - 1??dk
magnetic moment. ? ò 2
Using the Fourier transform of the potential (85) we 0 ?? 2 2 ?me k
average the obtained expression over wave functions (4) and ??
1 + ?(6aM )2m ??
13
J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 48 (2015) 195003 A P Martynenko and A A Ulybin
? ò ? - 2Me x ? m k ? ? ?
3
x3e 3Mm
3 sin ? e? a x3??dx3 b2,vert, SOPT (n=0) = -n
a me Me
6 M F
? ?
0 m 162p2 ?aMm ? Mm
? 2M ? ?e
? ò ? ? x (e)x ?1 + 1? -x1??1+ ?? ? ò k2 ??e 3Mm dx ?GM (k2) - 1??dk1? 2 ? 1 00
? ? ? ??? ? 3Mm - 2M 1 2? ln?
e x (g1 + 1)
? 2Mex> ? 3Mm ? 1 + g2 2 ?? 2 2 ? 2 2?
2
2 1 + g2) ? (1 + g1) + g2?
- ln?
? 2M ? ? ?e ? + ? 2Me 7x> E i x 2M
- e x ?- M + + 1 e3Mm
< ? ={-0.582 MHze (x1 x3)
3Mm 2Me ? -
. (92)
0.582 MHz
x<
3Mm ??
{ 0.054 MHz It is useful to emphasize that the theoretical error in the= . (89) summary contribution b0.054 MHz 1,vert, SOPT (n = 0) + b2,vert, SOPT(n = 0) is determined by the factor Me Mm connected with
the omitted terms of the used expansion. It can amount to10%
All integrations over the coordinate x1, x3 are carried out of the total results of (91)–(92) which is a value near
analytically and ?nal integration in k is performed numeri- 0.010MHz.
cally. Here we omit the intermediate expression before the The electron vertex corrections investigated in this
integration in k because of its bulky form. The second part of section have the order a5 in the HFS interval. The summary
the vertex contribution (?gure 9(b)) with n = 0 can be value of all obtained contributions in SOPT is equal to –0.056
converted to the following form after several simpli?cations MHz (63Li) and (73Li). Summing this number with the cor-
which are discussed in section 2: rection (86) we obtain the value 40.900MHz. It differs sig-
a ni?cantly by 1.059MHz from the result 41.959MHz which27 4M 3eMm
b -3aM x was obtained in the approximation of vertex correction by thevert, SOPT (n=0) = nF p ò e m 2dx3 2 electron anomalous magnetic moment.
? ò e-2aMex3dx ò e-3aMmx3 4dx4
? ò ? k sin(k x3 - x4 )(G (e)M (k2) - 1) 6. Summary and conclusion0
? x3 - x2 ?- ?d (x4 - x2) - ym0 (x4)ym0 ( )?
? ( ) In this work we have carried out analytical and numericalx2 . 90
x x computation of HFS intervals in muonic lithium ions3 4 (m e 6,7Li)+3 on the basis of the PT method suggested pre-
viously in the case of muonic helium in [6]. To increase the
Two terms in square brackets in (90) give two different accuracy of the calculations we take into account several
contributions. Then the integration in (90) over coordinates important corrections to HFS of the ground state of orders a5
x1 and x3 is carried out analytically. We obtain and a6 connected with the VP, nuclear structure, recoil effects
(g2 = mek 6aMm ): and electron vertex corrections. The numerical values of
? ? different contributions to hyper?ne structure are presented ina 3( = ) = n ? me ? Me table 1.b1,vert, SOPT n 0 F
162p2 ?aMm ? Mm Let us list a number of basic features of the calculations.
? ò ? 2 ?? (e)( 2) - ?? 1 1. Muonic lithium atoms have a complicated hyper?nek GM k 1 dk0 (g2 - 1)3 structure which appears due to the interaction of the1
? magnetic moments of the three particles. We investigate? 4g 2 21(g - 1) g1(3 + g ) small HFSs which can be important in experimental? 1? ( ) -
1
3 ( )2 studies.? 1 + g22 1 + g22 2. In this problem there are two small parameters, the ?ne
g (g - ) ? structure constant and the ratio of particle masses,+ 4
2 2
1 1 1 + 1 + 3g
2
1 ? which can be used for the construction of the
(g2 + g2)3 (g2 + g2)2 ?? perturbation interactions. The basic contributions1 2 1 2 appear in orders a4, a5 and a6 taking into account of
={ 0.472 MHz , (91) ?rst and second order recoil effects.0.472 MHz 3. The VP effects are important in order to obtain
theoretical splittings with high accuracy. They give rise
14
J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 48 (2015) 195003 A P Martynenko and A A Ulybin
to the modi?cation of the two-particle interaction the difference between our work and [13], which lies in the
M
potential which provides the a5 e -order corrections region 0.7 ? 1.5 MHz for separate HFSs, remains. We con-
Mm sider that this is related to terms of order nFM 2 Mm2e which are
to the hyper?ne structure. We take into account the VP not taken into account exactly in our work. We included this
corrections in the ?rst and second orders of PT. term in the total theoretical error. Further improvement of the
4. The electron vertex corrections to the coef?cient b results obtained in this work can be achieved in the calcula-
should be considered with the exact account of the one- tion of second order corrections in two small parameters α
loop magnetic form factor of the electron because the and Me Mm.
characteristic momentum incoming into the electron The estimate of theoretical uncertainty can be performed in
vertex operator is of order of the electron mass. terms of the Fermi energy nF and small parameters α and the
5. Nuclear structure corrections to the ground state HFS ratio of the particle masses. In our opinion, there exist several
are expressed in terms of electromagnetic form factors main sources for the theoretical errors. First of all, as we
and the charge radius of two Li nuclei. mentioned above in section 2, the recoil corrections of order
6. Relativistic correction is obtained by means of the M 2 Mm2e are not taken into account exactly because of a repla-
expression from [7]: cement of the electron Green?s function by free one. Numeri-
? 3 1 ? cally this contribution can give 0.88MHz. The second source ofDnrel = n 2 2F ??1 + (Z1a) - (Z2a) ??, (93) the error is related to contributions of order a2nF which appear2 3 both from QED amplitudes and in higher orders of PT. In the
case of two-particle bound states these corrections were calcu-
which gives contributions to both coef?cients b and c lated in [31, 35–37]. Considering that they should be studied
(see table 1). more carefully for three-particle bound states we included a
correction a2nF ? 1.92 MHz in the theoretical error. Another
Using the total numerical values of coef?cients b and part of the theoretical error is determined by the two-photon
c, presented in table 1, we ?nd the following HFSs for
Dn m + three-body exchange amplitudes mentioned above. They are ofmuonic lithium ions: ( e 61 3Li) = 21572.160 MHz
Dn m + Dn m + the ?fth order over α and contain the recoil parameterand 62 ( e 3Li) = 14152.560 MHz; 1( e 73Li)
+ (me ma )ln(me ma ), so that their possible numerical value can= 21733.056MHz and Dn (m e 72 3Li) = 13994.345MHz. be equal to ±0.22MHz. Thereby, the total theoretical uncer-
The calculation of hyper?ne structure in three-particle muonic tainty does not exceed ±2.13MHz. To obtain this estimate we
atoms (muonic helium, ions of muonic lithium) was per- add the above mentioned uncertainties in quadrature.
formed in [12, 13] using a variational method. The second
paper in [12] is devoted to muonic helium and the ?rst paper
in [12] contains an estimate of HFSs in muonic lithium ion.
Later it this estimate was corrected in [13]. So, we make our Acknowledgments
comparison namely with the values obtained in [13]:
Dn (m e 6Li)+1 3 = 21567.112 MHz and Dn (m e 6 +2 3Li)
+ We are grateful to A M Frolov for sending us paper [13] and= 14148.678 MHz; and Dn 71(m e 3Li) = 21729.22 MHz useful communications. The work is supported by the Russian
Dn 72 (m e 3Li)+ = 13989.19MHz. Foundation for Basic Research (grant 14-02-00173) and the
An analysis of the separate contributions to the hyper?ne Ministry of Education and Science of Russia under Compe-
structure coef?cients b and c in table 1 shows that relativistic titiveness Enhancement Program 2013-2020.
and electron vertex corrections have large values. So, for
example, the difference of our calculation from the results in
[13] for the electron vertex corrections is a value of order
1 MHz and the relativistic corrections amount to 6MHz. The References
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