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High resolution linear epitope mapping of the receptor binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein in COVID-19 mRNA vaccine recipients.
Abstract . The prompt rollout of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccine facilitated population immunity, which shall become more dominant than natural infection-induced immunity. At the beginning of the vaccine era, the initial epitope profile in naive individuals will be the first step to build an optimal host defense system towards vaccine-based population immunity. In this study, the high-resolution linear epitope profiles between Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 mRNA vaccine recipients and COVID-19 patients were delineated by using microarrays mapped with overlapping peptides of the receptor binding domain (RBD) of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike protein. The vaccine-induced antibodies targeting RBD had broader distribution across the RBD than that induced by the natural infection. The relatively lower neutralizing antibody titers observed in vaccine-induced sera could attribute to less efficient epitope selection and maturation of the vaccine-induced humoral immunity compared to the infection-induced. Furthermore, additional mutation panel assays showed that the vaccine-induced rich epitope variety targeting the RBD may aid antibodies to escape rapid viral evolution, which could grant an advantage to the vaccine immunity. Competing Interest Statement . The authors have declared no competing interest. Funding Statement . This work was funded by Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED) under Grant number JP20wm0125003 (Yasutoshi Kido), JP20he1122001 (Yasutoshi Kido), JP20nk0101627 (Yasutoshi Kido), and JP20jk0110021 (Yu Nakagama). This work was also supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number JP21441824 (Natsuko Kaku). We also receive the COVID-19 Private Fund (to the Shinya Yamanaka laboratory, CiRA, Kyoto University). We received support from Osaka City University's "Special Reserves" fund for COVID-19. Yuko Nitahara is a recipient of the BIKEN Taniguchi Scholarship. Author Declarations . I confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained. Yes The details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below: This study was approved by the institutional review board of Osaka City University (#2020-003) and the Graduate School of Life and Environmental sciences and the Graduate School of Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University. All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived. Yes I understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance). Yes I have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable. Yes Data Availability . The data that supports the findings of this study are available in the supplementary material of this article. .
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