Effect of hydrostatic pressure on protective bubble characteristic and weld quality in underwater flux-cored wire wet welding
Graphical abstract
Introduction
Underwater welding has been widely used in the repair and maintenance of marine constructions such as submerged pipelines, offshore oil platforms as well as harbor devices. It was universally recognized that underwater welding can be classified into dry welding, local cavity welding and wet welding. Li et al. (2017) pointed that the wet welding, especially underwater wet flux-cored arc welding (FCAW), was applied widespreadly in the construction and repairing of offshore steel structures due to its easy operability and extremely low cost. According to Scotti et al. (2012) and Pires et al. (2007), the metal transfer process played a key role in welding quality owing to the importance of its effect on welding arc stability, molten pool behavior and weld formation. Therefore, the further study of the droplet transfer phenomenon is very important for the development of a welding technique. A stable arc is required to obtain high-quality welds during underwater wet welding.
Guo et al. (2015) indicated that the arc burning and droplet transfer occurred in the bubbles which were induced by water vapor and gas generated by the decomposition of core components in the welding wire. Wang et al. (2017) reported that the extreme conditions around the arc burning area and bubbles caused by the water environment such as the increased hydrostatic pressure, the rapid cooling rate and the water dissociation could cause a series of adverse effects. For instance, Łabanowski (2011) suggested that the increase of pressure would deteriorate the arc stability and increase the loss of alloying elements. Terán et al. (2014) pointed that rapid cooling rate caused the imperfection of weld microstructure and the deterioration of the weld mechanical properties. Ozaki et al. (1977) found that the water dissociation accelerated the formation of detrimental porosity. It was obvious that the increased hydrostatic pressure with depth of water was a crucial factor that influenced the welding process stability and quality. To achieve a reliable implementation of the welding process under hyperbaric environment, it is necessary to conduct a further research about the welding arc and metal transfer behavior in these conditions.
However, the researches of metal transfer and arc stability under hyperbaric environment were mainly focused on dry welding. Allum (1982) pioneered the study of hyperbaric TIG welding, and reported that the TIG arc voltage increased with the increase of ambient pressure while the welding current and arc length were maintained constantly. Suga and Hasui (1986) proved that the erosion of the electrode tip increased as the GMAW arc burning in the simulated hyperbaric chamber. Enjo et al. (1989) studied the MIG welding arc behavior of 0–6 MPa in Ar atmosphere and found that the arc became unstable with the increase of ambient pressure. It’s worth noting that many spattered droplets and fine particles were produced as the pressure increased. Fostervoll et al. (2009) suggested that the DCEN mode was more suitable to ensure the arc stability in the dry hyperbaric GMAW. Azar et al. (2012) pointed that more energy was required to stably burn arc and successfully transfer droplets into the weld pool at high pressures. In addition, according to the research published by Li et al. (2014), a novel spatter generating process, named as droplet rebounded spatter, often occurs when the ambient pressure was over 0.4 MPa. They proved that the electromagnetic force was the driving force of droplet to be rebounded. Zhou et al. (2008) studied the arc static characteristics of gas tungsten arc welding under high ambient air pressure. They found that the arc gradually contracted but remained stable as the pressure increased from 0 MPa to 0.7 MPa. Jia et al. (2013) analyzed the spectrum of arc plasma and proved that H atoms became involved due to the decomposition of water. Świerczyńska et al. (2017) reported that the growth of the welding current, arc voltage and salinity of the water caused a decrease of diffusible hydrogen content in deposited metal.
Up to now, a clear description of the underwater welding metal transfer and arc stability under hydrostatic atmosphere have not been reported yet. Therefore, the experimental platform was built to conduct experiment of underwater wet welding under several water depths. The metal transfer and arc stability were studied by X-ray imaging technology and welding electrical signal acquisition technology. The effects of hydraulic pressure on protective bubble phenomenon and on weld imperfections were explained in this study.
Section snippets
Experimental procedure
The underwater flux-cored wet welding process was conducted in the hyperbaric chamber, which was designed to simulate the underwater hydrostatic environment, as shown in Fig. 1(a). For safety and operability, the internal pressure was designed to change between 0.1 and 2.1 MPa. The 5xxx Aluminum alloy was adopted as the material of the hyperbaric chamber because of its relatively well weldability and low density. So, the energy attenuation could be reduced as much as possible when the X-ray
Weld appearance and arc stability
Fig. 3 shows the appearance of obtained weld beads, X-ray nondestructive testing images and cross-sections of beads deposited in different hydrostatic pressure environment. Fig. 3(a) exhibits an acceptable weld bead appearance with few spatters which was welded at the depth of 0.5 m. As shown in Fig. 3(b–e), with the increase of pressure, some imperfections such as porosity and undercuts appeared on the weld bead. X-ray images indicated that a few of pores existed in the middle of weld bead
Conclusions
- 1
With increasing water depth, the arc stability gradually deteriorated and the number of pores increased. Due to the combined influence of arc shrinking and welding heat decreasing, weld penetration depth decreased first then increased and dilution rate of weld showed a decreasing trend.
- 2
Due to the increase of pressure, the maximum size of protective bubbles gradually decreased and the rising velocity of bubble decreased at first and then increased. The change of bubbles/s was in accordance with
Acknowledgements
The authors are grateful for the financial support to this study from the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (Grant Nos. HIT.NSRIF.201602, HIT.NSRIF.201704, HIT. MKSTISP.201617), the Shandong Provincial Key Research and Development Plan (Grant Nos. 2016ZDJS05A07, 2017CXGC0922) and Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province (Grant Nos. ZR2017QEE005, ZR2017PEE010).
References (20)
- et al.
Statistical analysis of the arc behavior in dry hyperbaric GMA welding from 1 to 250 bar
J. Mater. Process. Technol.
(2012) - et al.
Study of underwater wet welding stability using an x-ray transmission method
J. Mater. Process. Technol.
(2015) - et al.
Spectroscopic analysis of the arc plasma of under-water wet flux-cored arc welding
J. Mater. Process. Technol.
(2013) - et al.
The effect of alumino-thermic addition on underwater wet welding process stability
J. Mater. Process. Technol.
(2017) - et al.
Analysis of the influence of shielding gas mixtures on the gas metal arc welding metal transfer modes and fume formation rate
Mater. Des.
(2007) - et al.
A scientific application oriented classification for metal transfer modes in GMA welding
J. Mater. Process. Technol.
(2012) - et al.
Diffusible hydrogen management in underwater wet self-shielded flux cored arc welding
Int. J. Hydrogen Energy
(2017) - et al.
Characterization of the mechanical properties and structural integrity of T-welded connections repaired by grinding and wet welding
Mater. Sci. Eng. A
(2014) - et al.
Effect of ultrasonic vibration on microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of underwater wet welding joint
J. Mater. Process. Technol.
(2017) Characteristics and Structure of High Pressure (1-42 Bars) Gas Tungsten Arcs
(1982)