1. Introduction . The environmental effects of armed conflicts are many and do not follow a uniform pattern [ 1 , 2 ]. Peace and security are partly dependent on environmental security, and thus also upon understanding the interactions between conflict and the environment [ 3 ]. Armed conflicts include some of the most far-reaching shocks that can affect a land system. They can, for example, lead to land abandonment [ 4 , 5 ], changes in land-use intensity [ 6 ] and affect rates ...