Introduction . Transparent conductive films (TCFs) are indispensable materials in modern optoelectronics1 , 2. To date, transparent conductive oxides (TCOs) (e.g., indium tin oxide (ITO), aluminium-doped zinc oxide (AZO), and indium gallium zinc oxide (IGZO)) are the most used TCFs in commercialized optoelectronic devices3 , 4 , 5. However, TCOs suffer from poor mechanical flexibility and insufficient conductance for large-area devices, and there is an increased demand ...