1. Introduction . Since detection of the first official case of COVID-19 on 31 December 2019 in Wuhan [ 1 ], the pandemic has caused an unprecedented global health and socioeconomic crisis [ 2 , 3 , 4 ]. This unexpected pandemic has threatened the health of global populations and also caused widespread panic. Simultaneously, humans have been confronted with several noticeable ecological and environmental issues, such as chronic air quality problems and expansions of the regional urba...