Introduction . Organic photovoltaics (OPVs) have garnered considerable interest owing to their fast advancements in power conversion efficiency (PCE) and their cost-effective and low-temperature production methods.1 , 2 , 3 , 4Over the past few years, OPV performance has steadily improved, attributed to notable progress in donor and acceptor materials and advancements in interfacial engineering of devices.5The OPVs consist of two main components in their active layer: t...