Introduction . The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is a unique joint in the craniofacial system that is essential for normal masticatory functions, including talking, chewing, swallowing and facial expression. The TMJ is mainly composed of the articular condyle, articular disc, articular fossa, fibrous capsule, and synovial membrane. A crucial element in the TMJ, the articular disc is a dense and versatile fibrocartilaginous structure that facilitates load bearing and congruity and prevent...