Elevated serum Lac-Phe in patients with T2D. a , Distribution of 33 non-diabetic (non-T2D), pre-diabetic (pre-T2D) and diabetic (T2D) participants in the Brigham and Women’s Hospital cohort study. b , Volcano plot comparing metabolomes of obese non-T2D ( n ?=?11) and obese T2D ( n ?=?8) individuals. Significantly upregulated (blue) and downregulated (red) metabolites are shown, and N -lactoyl amino acids are highlighted. c , Lac-Phe levels in non-T2D ( n ?=?21), pre-T2D ( n ...