1. Introduction . Silicon photonics offers advantages such as high integration density, low power consumption, and opto-electronic integration, making it promising for applications in optical communications, sensing, and computing [ 1 – 3 ]. Silicon photonics waveguides have a high refractive-index contrast, enabling ultra-high integration density. In addition, silicon photonics based devices can be fabricated using the standard CMOS (Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Transistor) ...