Introduction . Thermal management is critical for electronic devices1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7, such as high-electron-mobility transistors (HEMTs), high-power density field-effect transistors (FETs), and radiofrequency (RF) devices, where high temperature degrades the performance of the system. However, in modern semiconductor industries8, the high hot-spot temperature in growing miniaturized electronic devices leads to a significant challenge for heat dissipation ...