Introduction . Layered materials are key components in many technological, biological and fluidic systems. Graphene, MXene and other two-dimensional materials are composed of atomistically thin sheets with only weak out-of-plane bonding1. Moreover, layering is a widespread strategy for increasing the surface area of organs, as in the friction ridges that make up fingerprints (Fig.? 1 a), convolutions within the cortex of human brains2, and the enormous surface area of intes...