Introduction. The meridional overturning circulation (MOC) in the ocean plays a pivotal role in both regional and global climate, via large-scale heat and freshwater transports. In the current climate, the MOC exists mainly in the Atlantic, referred to as the Atlantic MOC (AMOC), which is characterized by deep convection and deep-water formation in the Labrador Sea and Greenland-Iceland-Nordic (GIN) seas of the subpolar Atlantic1,2. The observed strength of the AMOC is approximately 18?Sv3...