Introduction . Recentlly, the frequency of engineering construction activities, particularly infrastructure construction, has increased in northwest China1 , 2 , 3. As a result, it has become crucial to understand soil behavior (i.e., mechnical behavior and hydraulic behavior) under mechanical loads, such as train vibrations (Lazorenko et al.4 , 5). Although the intensity of these dynamic loads is lower than that of earthquakes, long-term, and repeated dynamic loading c...